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Heat pump error codes: what each code means, by make

This page lists 158 heat pump error codes from 9 makes — Daikin (18), LG (17), Mitsubishi Electric (29), NIBE (13), Panasonic (12), Samsung (17), Toshiba (18), Vaillant (17) and Viessmann (17) — and a code means something different on each make, so pick your make first: the code alone does not tell you what is wrong.

Find your make

Each make’s page has every code below with the likely cause, the checks the maker lets an owner do, and when to call an installer.

Heat pump: do only the checks the maker gives the owner for that code — read the water pressure on the controller, keep the outdoor unit clear of leaves and snow, switch the power off and on where the maker says to. Keep the casing on: refrigerant, wiring and the water circuit’s parts are not owner work. Anything else is for the heat-pump installer or the maker’s service engineer: in the UK and EU only an F-gas certified technician may open the refrigerant circuit.

What the codes are about

A code is put in a group only when the maker’s own text for it, as listed on the make’s page, contains that group’s word — communication (“communication”, “communicating” or “connection”), pressure (“pressure”), temperature sensor (“temperature sensor” or “thermistor”), water flow (“water flow”, “flow rate” or “flow sensor”) — checked in that order; the rest are under other. We do not sort a code by what we think it means. Numbers are codes per make.

What the maker’s text namesDaikinLGMitsubishi ElectricNIBEPanasonicSamsungToshibaVaillantViessmann
Communication32172242––
Pressure212231246
Temperature sensor362113–21
Water flow222–121–3
Other86685713117

Communication

Codes whose own text contains “communication”, “communicating” or “connection”.

  • Daikin U4-00 — Indoor and outdoor unit not communicating: The indoor unit and the outdoor unit have lost communication.
  • Daikin U8-02 U8-03 — Room thermostat connection lost: U8-02: the connection with the room thermostat was lost; U8-03: there is no connection with it.
  • LG CH03 — Remote controller not communicating: The wired remote controller and the indoor unit cannot communicate. A critical trouble in LG’s table: the system stops until it has been checked.
  • LG CH05 — Indoor and outdoor boards not communicating: There is no communication between the indoor main circuit board and the outdoor (cycle) main board. A heavy trouble: the heat pump cycle cannot run, but if an electric backup heater is fitted, emergency operation can keep heating going (heating only, no cooling).
  • Mitsubishi Electric E6 E7 E8 EA EB EC ED EF — Controller and outdoor unit not communicating: Communication has failed between the FTC controller and the outdoor unit. The manual gives the range E6–EF for this; E9 and EE have rows of their own.
  • Mitsubishi Electric J0 — Wireless receiver not communicating: Communication has failed between the FTC controller and the wireless receiver, so the wireless controller is lost.
  • Mitsubishi Electric J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 — Wireless controller not communicating: Communication has failed between the wireless receiver and the wireless remote controller.
  • NIBE 71 — Permanent communication error, base card: The controller has had no communication with the base card (circuit board AA2) for long enough that the alarm is permanent. The compressor is blocked, and the alarm needs a manual reset.
  • NIBE 223 — Communication alarm: The outdoor unit is sending a communication fault message to the controller. The compressor is blocked.
  • Panasonic H76 — Remote controller to indoor unit communication error: The remote controller (RC) and the indoor unit are not communicating. Panasonic’s name for it is “RC-Indoor communication error”.
  • Panasonic H90 — Indoor to outdoor unit communication error: The indoor unit and the outdoor unit are not communicating with each other.
  • Samsung 101 — Wiring error between control kit and outdoor unit: A wire connection error between the control kit and the outdoor unit.
  • Samsung 201 202 — Control kit and outdoor unit not communicating: 201: a matching error between the control kit and the outdoor unit; 202: they have not communicated for 3 minutes.
  • Samsung 601 — Wired remote controller not communicating: A communication error between the control kit and the wired remote controller.
  • Toshiba E03 — Remote controller not communicating: Regular communication between the hydro unit and the remote controller failed. No backup operation; the code resets itself when communication returns.
  • Toshiba E04 — Indoor and outdoor unit not communicating: Regular communication between the hydro unit and the outdoor unit failed. Backup operation is possible and the code resets itself when communication returns.

Pressure

Codes whose own text contains “pressure”.

  • Daikin HJ-10 — Water pressure sensor abnormality: The water pressure sensor is not working correctly.
  • Daikin A5-00 — High-pressure peak cut or freeze protection: An outdoor-unit protection: the high-pressure peak cut or the freeze protection has operated.
  • LG CH231 — Water pressure sensor damaged: The indoor unit’s water pressure sensor is damaged — LG’s description is of the sensor itself. A slight trouble: emergency operation is possible.
  • Mitsubishi Electric LA — Pressure sensor failure: The water pressure sensor has failed.
  • Mitsubishi Electric LB — High pressure protection: The refrigerant high-pressure protection operated.
  • NIBE 220 — High pressure alarm: The outdoor unit is sending a high-pressure fault message to the controller. The compressor is blocked.
  • NIBE 221 — Low pressure alarm: The outdoor unit is sending a low-pressure fault message to the controller. The compressor is blocked.
  • Panasonic H98 — High pressure protection: The unit’s high-pressure protection has acted. The manual gives the name only.
  • Panasonic H42 — Low pressure protection: The unit’s low-pressure protection has acted. The manual gives the name only.
  • Panasonic F12 — Pressure switch activated: A pressure switch in the system has tripped. The table lists a separate code, F27, for a fault in the pressure switch itself.
  • Samsung 407 — Compressor stopped by high pressure: The compressor was shut down because of high pressure.
  • Toshiba A08 — Low pressure sensor operation: The refrigerant low-pressure sensor acted. Backup operation is possible; the code does not reset itself.
  • Toshiba P04 — High pressure switch: The refrigerant high-pressure switch acted. Backup operation is possible; no automatic reset.
  • Vaillant F.022 — Heating water pressure too low: The water pressure in the building (heating) circuit is too low. The display alternates F.22 and the current pressure once it has been below 0.5 bar for more than a minute; below 0.7 bar the maintenance message M32 shows first.
  • Vaillant F.723 — Building circuit pressure too low: The filling pressure has fallen below the minimum and the heat pump has switched itself off.
  • Vaillant F.731 — High-pressure switch open: The refrigerant pressure went too high and the high-pressure switch tripped (at 41.5 bar gauge).
  • Vaillant F.073 — Water pressure sensor fault: The heating-circuit water pressure sensor is not connected or short-circuited.
  • Viessmann 118 — Water pressure too low: The water pressure measured by the pressure sensor fell below the critical minimum (0.5 bar is the factory setting), so the controller switched the heat pump off. The error clears itself once the pressure rises again past the limit. Above that, between the critical and the normal minimum (0.8 bar by default), the controller only gives a maintenance message, 5:Water pressure too low.
  • Viessmann 117 — Water pressure too high: The water pressure measured by the pressure sensor went above the set maximum (3 bar by default). The error clears when the pressure drops back below the limit.
  • Viessmann 222 223 224 — High-pressure switch tripped: The refrigerant high-pressure switch (E10) tripped. If the flow and return water were both below 20 °C, the manual reads it as no water flow on the heating side: the heat pump locks out at once, as 223 if heating was starting or 224 if hot-water charging was starting. If both were above 20 °C, the heat pump restarts after its minimum off time, and only locks out with 222 when the switch trips more often than the set number of times. A locked-out heat pump restarts only after a reset.
  • Viessmann 225 — Low-pressure switch tripped: The refrigerant low-pressure switch (E9) tripped. The heat pump stops, restarts after its minimum off time, and locks out with 225 if it trips more often than the set number within the set period; then only a manual reset restarts it. The manual’s table marks this one for customer service.

Temperature sensor

Codes whose own text contains “temperature sensor” or “thermistor”.

  • Daikin 80-01 81-00 — Water temperature sensor problem: 80-01: the returning-water temperature sensor; 81-00: the leaving-water temperature sensor.
  • Daikin HC-00 — Tank temperature sensor problem: The domestic hot-water tank’s temperature sensor is giving no sensible reading.
  • LG CH02 CH06 — Refrigerant pipe sensor: A refrigerant pipe temperature sensor of the indoor unit is open or short-circuited: CH02 on the inlet side, CH06 on the outlet side. A heavy trouble: the heat pump cycle stops, and an electric backup heater, if fitted, can heat the house in emergency operation (heating only).
  • LG CH17 CH18 CH19 — Water temperature sensor: A water temperature sensor of the indoor unit is open or short-circuited: CH17 the water inlet, CH18 the water outlet, CH19 the electric backup heater’s water outlet. A slight trouble: both the heat pump and the backup heater can keep running in emergency operation. If two or three of them fail together, the code becomes CH16.
  • LG CH01 — Remote room air sensor: The remote room air temperature sensor of the indoor main board is open or short-circuited. A slight trouble: the heat pump and backup heater can both keep running in emergency operation.
  • Mitsubishi Electric P1 — Room temperature sensor failure: The installation manual lists P1 as a failure of the room temperature thermistor (TH1).
  • Mitsubishi Electric L5 — Water temperature sensor failure: One of the controller’s water temperature thermistors (THW1, THW2, THW5B, THW6–THW9) has failed.
  • NIBE 1 — Sensor fault BT1 (outdoor sensor): The outdoor temperature sensor, BT1, is not connected or is defective. The heat pump sets its calculated flow temperature to the minimum it may calculate.
  • Panasonic H72 — Tank sensor error: A fault with the temperature sensor of the hot-water tank.
  • Samsung 901 902 — Water temperature sensor error: The water inlet (901) or water outlet (902) temperature sensor at the plate heat exchanger is open- or short-circuited.
  • Samsung 904 — Hot water tank sensor error: The domestic hot-water tank temperature sensor has an error.
  • Vaillant F.519 F.520 — Heating circuit temperature sensor fault: The return (F.519) or flow (F.520) temperature sensor of the heating circuit is not connected or short-circuited.
  • Viessmann 10 — Outside sensor: A fault in the outside temperature sensor (B9). The manual’s table lets the heat pump keep running with this error, which clears itself (no manual acknowledgement).

Water flow

Codes whose own text contains “water flow”, “flow rate” or “flow sensor”.

  • Daikin 7H-01 7H-05 — Water flow problem: Too little water is flowing through the heat pump: 7H-01 in general, 7H-05 during heating. Related sub-codes are 7H-04 (hot-water production), 7H-06 (cooling or defrost), 7H-07 (pump deblocking active) and 7H-08 (pump abnormality).
  • LG CH14 — Water flow rate problem: The flow switch found too little water flowing while the pump was running. LG classes it as a critical trouble: the system stops and can be resumed only after a certified professional has checked it, and neither the heat pump nor the backup heater runs in the meantime.
  • LG CH232 — Flow sensor damaged: The indoor unit’s flow sensor is damaged. A critical trouble: the system stops until a certified professional has checked it.
  • Mitsubishi Electric L9 — Low water flow: The flow sensor or flow switch has detected too low a flow rate in the primary (heating) circuit.
  • Mitsubishi Electric LF — Flow sensor failure: The flow sensor has failed.
  • Panasonic H62 — Water flow error: The indoor unit reports a fault with the flow of water through it: the heating water is not moving through the hydromodule as it should.
  • Samsung 911 — Low water flow: The water flow was too low within 30 seconds of the pump starting, or for 15 seconds once running. Reported by the control kit.
  • Samsung 912 — Flow while the pump is off: Normal water flow was detected for 10 minutes while the pump signal was off. Reported by the control kit.
  • Toshiba A01 — Pump or water flow failure: The hydro unit detected an abnormal water flow rate: almost no water, or too little, is moving. Backup operation is possible for hot water but not for heating, and the code does not reset itself.
  • Viessmann 201 — Frost alarm: The water temperature at the heat pump’s flow sensor (B21) fell below the frost alarm level, so the heat pump shut down to stop the system freezing. It runs again only after a reset. The manual gives the reason the check exists: a reversing valve that seizes, for example after defrosting.
  • Viessmann 33 44 — Heat pump flow or return sensor: A fault in the heat pump’s flow sensor (33, B21) or return sensor (44, B71). The table lets the heat pump keep running and needs no manual acknowledgement.

Other

Codes whose text contains none of the words above: the compressor, fans, power supply, protections and the rest, by make.

  • Daikin AH-00 — Tank disinfection not completed: The domestic hot-water tank’s disinfection (anti-legionella) run did not finish correctly.
  • Daikin U0-00 — Refrigerant shortage: The outdoor unit has detected a shortage of refrigerant.
  • Daikin U2-00 — Power supply voltage fault: The outdoor unit has detected a defect in the supply voltage.
  • Daikin U3-00 — Screed dry-out not completed: The underfloor-heating screed dry-out programme, run to dry a new floor slowly, did not finish correctly.
  • Daikin 89-02 — Heat exchanger freeze-up protection: Freeze-up protection of the heat exchanger activated during heating or hot-water production (89-01 and 89-03 are the same during defrost).
  • Daikin AA-01 — Backup heater overheated: The backup heater has overheated, or its power cable is not connected.
  • Daikin E7-00 — Outdoor fan motor fault: The outdoor unit’s fan motor has a malfunction.
  • Daikin E1-00 — Outdoor circuit board defect: The outdoor unit’s circuit board is defective.
  • LG CH15 — Water pipe overheated: The temperature of the water pipe went above a set limit. A critical trouble: the system stops until a certified professional has checked it, with no emergency operation.
  • LG CH20 — Electric heater overheated: The fuse of the electric (backup) heater has blown because it overheated. A critical trouble: the system stops and waits for a certified professional; no emergency operation, since the heater itself is the fault.
  • LG CH16 — Several water sensors at once: Codes 17, 18 and 19 (the water-inlet, water-outlet and backup-heater outlet sensors) occurred at the same time. Unlike each of them alone, LG classes this as a critical trouble: the system stops until a certified professional has checked it.
  • LG CH09 — Circuit board memory (EEPROM) fault: The optional EEPROM memory chip is loose in, or disconnected from, the indoor unit’s main circuit board. A critical trouble: the system stops until it has been checked.
  • LG CH08 CH13 — Hot-water tank or solar sensor: An optional-function sensor is open or short-circuited: CH08 the domestic hot-water tank sensor, CH13 the solar pipe sensor. LG calls it an option trouble: the system keeps running without the function that has the fault — with CH08, LG’s own example, hot water heating is not available.
  • Mitsubishi Electric L3 — Circulation water overheat protection: The water in the primary circuit got too hot and the protection operated.
  • Mitsubishi Electric L6 — Circulation water freeze protection: The water in the primary circuit got close to freezing and the protection operated.
  • Mitsubishi Electric L4 — Hot water tank overheat protection: The water in the hot-water cylinder got too hot and the protection operated.
  • Mitsubishi Electric L8 — Heating operation error: The heating operation did not behave as expected.
  • Mitsubishi Electric P6 — Plate heat exchanger anti-freeze protection: The anti-freeze protection of the plate heat exchanger operated.
  • Mitsubishi Electric E9 — Outdoor unit receives no signal: The outdoor unit is receiving no signal from the indoor unit.
  • NIBE 162 — High condenser out: The water leaving the condenser — the heat exchanger where the heat pump hands its heat to the heating water — has reached the maximum permitted temperature. The alarm resets itself.
  • NIBE 163 — High condenser in: The water coming back into the condenser is above its maximum temperature.
  • NIBE 183 — Defrosting: Not a fault: a defrost is in progress. The list gives it no effect on operation and no action.
  • NIBE 224 — Fan error: The outdoor unit is sending a fan fault message to the controller. The compressor is blocked.
  • NIBE 228 — Defrost fault: The outdoor unit is sending a defrost fault message to the controller. The compressor is blocked.
  • NIBE 229 — Short operation times for compressor: The compressor has stopped three times in a row a short time after starting, so the controller blocks it.
  • NIBE 271 — Cold outdoor air: The outdoor unit (EB101) is sending a message that the outdoor air is too cold, and the compressor is blocked.
  • NIBE 294 — Not compatible heat pump: The outdoor unit connected to the VVM 320 is not one of the F2030-7, F2030-9, F2040-8 or F2040-12, or the DIP switches on its circuit board are set wrongly. Hot water is blocked, and the unit cannot be restarted after the power has been off.
  • Panasonic H20 — Pump error: A fault with the pump that circulates the heating water through the hydromodule.
  • Panasonic H75 — Low water temperature protection: A protection against water that is too cold has acted. The same manual’s symptom table says, separately, that when the water coming into the unit is below 10 °C the compressor stops and the backup heater switches on; it does not say whether that is what shows H75.
  • Panasonic H70 — Back-up heater OLP error: An error from the overload protection (OLP) of the back-up heater, the electric heater that can help the heat pump with space heating.
  • Panasonic H91 — Tank heater OLP error: An error from the overload protection (OLP) of the tank heater, the electric heater in the hot-water tank.
  • Panasonic H99 — Indoor freeze prevention: The indoor unit’s freeze prevention has acted, to keep water in the indoor unit from freezing. The manual also says the backup heater may switch itself on, even when disabled, as protection for the indoor unit’s heat exchanger.
  • Samsung 554 — Gas leak error: The outdoor unit has detected a refrigerant gas leak.
  • Samsung 416 — Compressor discharge overheated: The compressor’s discharge is overheated.
  • Samsung 403 — Compressor freezing detected (cooling): The outdoor unit detected compressor freezing during cooling operation.
  • Samsung 458 475 — Outdoor fan error: An outdoor unit fan error: 458 fan 1, 475 fan 2.
  • Samsung 425 — Power line missing (three-phase): A power source line is missing — three-phase models only.
  • Samsung 919 — Disinfection temperature not reached: The hot-water disinfection run did not reach its set temperature, or did not hold it for the time required.
  • Toshiba A02 — Water not heating up (heating): The water temperature did not rise as expected in heating, judged by the water inlet, water outlet and heater outlet sensors (TWI, TWO, THO). Backup operation is possible for hot water, not heating; the code resets itself once the cause is gone.
  • Toshiba A03 — Water not heating up (hot water): The hot-water cylinder did not heat up as expected, judged by its sensor (TTW). Backup operation is possible for heating, not hot water; the code resets itself once the cause is gone.
  • Toshiba A04 A10 — Antifreeze operation: The unit’s frost protection acted on the water side (A04; A10 is the second antifreeze protection). Backup operation is possible; neither resets itself.
  • Toshiba A05 — Piping antifreeze operation: The frost protection for the pipework acted. Backup operation is possible and the code resets itself.
  • Toshiba A09 — Backup heater overheat protection: The thermostat of the backup heater cut it out for overheating. Backup operation is possible for hot water, not heating; no automatic reset.
  • Toshiba A11 — Release protection: The release protection operated. Backup operation is possible for hot water, not heating; no automatic reset.
  • Toshiba A13 A14 A15 — Circulation pump failure: The water pump has stopped: A13 and A14 the main pump, A15 the zone 2 pump. Backup operation is possible for hot water only (A13, A14); none resets itself.
  • Toshiba H01 H02 — Compressor breakdown or lock: H01 compressor breakdown; H02 compressor lock. Backup operation is possible; neither resets itself.
  • Toshiba P15 — Gas leak detected: The outdoor unit detected a refrigerant gas leak. Backup operation is possible; no automatic reset.
  • Vaillant F.718 F.785 — Outdoor fan blocked: The heat pump has no signal that the outdoor unit’s fan is turning: F.718 fan 1, F.785 fan 2.
  • Vaillant F.733 — Evaporation temperature too low: The refrigerant is evaporating at too low a temperature.
  • Vaillant F.788 — Heating circuit pump fault: The high-efficiency pump has detected a fault (dry running, blockage, over- or undervoltage), switched off and locked.
  • Vaillant F.741 — Return water too cold during defrost: During de-icing the return temperature of the heating circuit fell below 13 °C; the compressor is blocked until it rises above 20 °C.
  • Vaillant F.732 — Compressor outlet temperature too high: The compressor outlet temperature rose above 110 °C.
  • Vaillant F.737 — Condensation temperature too high: The temperature on the heating side is too high for the compressor to run.
  • Vaillant F.752 — Frequency converter fault: An internal electronics fault on the outdoor unit’s inverter board, or mains voltage outside 70–282 V.
  • Vaillant F.818 — Mains voltage wrong for the inverter: The mains voltage is wrong for running the frequency converter.
  • Vaillant F.819 — Inverter overheating: The frequency converter has overheated inside.
  • Vaillant F.755 — Four-port valve in the wrong position: The 4-port diverter valve that switches between heating and cooling is in the wrong position (in heating, flow colder than return).
  • Viessmann 226 — Compressor overload: The overload protection of compressor 1 (input E11) acted (227 is compressor 2 on two-stage units). The heat pump stops, the error must be acknowledged by hand, and the manual’s table marks it for customer service.
  • Viessmann 247 — Defrost fault: A defrost could not be finished normally even after the set number of repeat attempts, so the heat pump switched off. It resumes only after a manual reset.
  • Viessmann 134 — Common fault heat pump: A heat pump fault signalled on the controller’s common-fault input (E20). The heat pump stops and the error must be acknowledged by hand; the number tells you only that the heat pump itself reported a fault.
  • Viessmann 121 — Heating circuit 1 flow too cold: The flow temperature of heating circuit 1 stayed below its setpoint for longer than the time the installer set for this alarm (122 and 371 are circuits 2 and 3).
  • Viessmann 127 — Legionella temperature not reached: During the anti-legionella function, the hot-water circulation pipe did not reach the required temperature within 48 hours.
  • Viessmann 105 — Maintenance message: A maintenance message is pending — for example a service interval that has run out. It is a message, not a stoppage.
  • Viessmann 385 — Mains undervoltage: The controller detected undervoltage on the mains supply (input E21). The manual’s table lets the heat pump keep running, but the error has to be acknowledged by hand.

The same code, different makes

  • 223
    • NIBE 223: “Communication alarm” — The outdoor unit is sending a communication fault message to the controller. The compressor is blocked.
    • Viessmann 223: “High-pressure switch tripped” — The refrigerant high-pressure switch (E10) tripped. If the flow and return water were both below 20 °C, the manual reads it as no water flow on the heating side: the heat pump locks out at once, as 223 if heating was starting or 224 if hot-water charging was starting. If both were above 20 °C, the heat pump restarts after its minimum off time, and only locks out with 222 when the switch trips more often than the set number of times. A locked-out heat pump restarts only after a reset.
  • 224
    • NIBE 224: “Fan error” — The outdoor unit is sending a fan fault message to the controller. The compressor is blocked.
    • Viessmann 224: “High-pressure switch tripped” — The refrigerant high-pressure switch (E10) tripped. If the flow and return water were both below 20 °C, the manual reads it as no water flow on the heating side: the heat pump locks out at once, as 223 if heating was starting or 224 if hot-water charging was starting. If both were above 20 °C, the heat pump restarts after its minimum off time, and only locks out with 222 when the switch trips more often than the set number of times. A locked-out heat pump restarts only after a reset.
  • 201
    • Samsung 201: “Control kit and outdoor unit not communicating” — 201: a matching error between the control kit and the outdoor unit; 202: they have not communicated for 3 minutes.
    • Viessmann 201: “Frost alarm” — The water temperature at the heat pump’s flow sensor (B21) fell below the frost alarm level, so the heat pump shut down to stop the system freezing. It runs again only after a reset. The manual gives the reason the check exists: a reversing valve that seizes, for example after defrosting.

What this page cannot do

  • It covers the codes each maker’s source states for the models that source names, not every code those makes use: each make’s page says where its manual lists more. Your model’s manual is the authority.
  • It does not diagnose. The groups say what words the maker used, not what is wrong with your heat pump.
  • Not yet published: Grant Aerona3 (www.grantuk.com, tried 2026-10-09): the fault-code table in Grant’s Aerona R32 installer manual (DOC 0136 rev 2.4, February 2024) downloaded, but its column headings and several rows (A0, A3 and the fan-motor rows among them) did not come out as text with their code beside their meaning, so we could not quote a full, reliable set; Worcester Bosch (www.worcester-bosch.co.uk, tried 2026-10-13): Worcester Bosch’s user guide for the Compress 7001i/7400i AW (6721835320, 2021/09) and the installation manuals we downloaded for the Compress 7000i AW, 3400i AWS and 5800i AW indoor units print no fault-code table: the user guide says to give the fault code and sub-code to an authorised contractor, so fewer than 5 codes could be confirmed; Ideal Logic Air (idealheating.com, tried 2026-10-14): Ideal’s Logic Air user guide (Rev C) explains only four controller errors, 60 and 65 (the Halo Air room unit), 127 (anti-legionella) and 370 (the outdoor unit, with a sub-code such as F27 for no flow), and the Logic Air 8–10 maintenance manual (2451, 2023) lists faults only as LED flash counts on circuit boards inside the units, so fewer than 5 owner codes could be confirmed.

Sources

Every code on this page comes from these documents, published by the makers and read on the date shown. Meanings are written in our own words from them; nothing is taken from other makes or third-party code sites.

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